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17.9 References for Recommendations from international and internationally recognised guidelines: PN – Section 4.3

  1. Dietitians Association of Australia, South Australia Chapter. Nutrition and hydration policy support handbook for acute adult inpatient setting. Adelaide: Dietitians Association of Australia; 2019.
  2. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE). Nutrition support for adults: oral nutrition support, enteral tube feeding and parenteral nutrition. Clinical guideline [CG32]. London: NICE; 2006 [updated 2017 Aug 4].
  3. Worthington P, Balint J, Bechtold M, Bingham A, Chan LN, Durfee S, et al. When is parenteral nutrition appropriate? JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr. 2017;41(3):324-77.
  4. Mueller C, Compher C, Ellen DM, American Society for Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition (ASPEN) Board of Directors. ASPEN clinical guidelines: nutrition screening, assessment, and intervention in adults. Journal of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition. 2011;35(1):16-24.
  5. Durfee SM, Adams SC, Arthur E, Corrigan ML, Hammond K, Kovacevich DS, et al. A.S.P.E.N. standards for nutrition support: home and alternate site care. Nutr Clin Pract. 2014;29(4):542-55.
  6. Ukleja A, Gilbert K, Mogensen KM, Walker R, Ward CT, Ybarra J, et al. Standards for nutrition support: adult hospitalized patients. Nutr Clin Pract. 2018;33(6):906-20.
  7. Sobotka L, Schneider SM, Berner YN, Cederholm T, Krznaric Z, Shenkin A, et al. ESPEN guidelines on parenteral nutrition: geriatrics. Clin Nutr. 2009;28(4):461-6.
  8. Volkert D, Beck AM, Cederholm T, Cruz-Jentoft A, Hooper L, Kiesswetter E, et al. ESPEN practical guideline: clinical nutrition and hydration in geriatrics. Clin Nutr. 2022;41(4):958-89.
  9. Adolph M, Heller AR, Koch T, Koletzko B, Kreymann KG, Krohn K, et al. Lipid emulsions – guidelines on parenteral nutrition, chapter 6. Ger Med Sci. 2009;7:Doc22.
  10. Martindale RG, Calder PC, Cogle SV, Evans DC, Gramlich L, McClave SA, et al. Lipids in parenteral nutrition – expert consensus statements: translating guidelines into clinical practice. Clin Nutr Open Sci. 2025;60:50-65.
  11. Koletzko B, Goulet O, Hunt J, Krohn K, Shamir R, Parenteral Nutrition Guidelines Working Group, et al. Guidelines on paediatric parenteral nutrition of the European Society of Paediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition (ESPGHAN) and the European Society for Clinical Nutrition and Metabolism (ESPEN), supported by the European Society of Paediatric Research (ESPR). J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2005;41 Suppl 2:S1-4.
  12. Wilschanski M, Munck A, Carrion E, Cipolli M, Collins S, Colombo C, et al. ESPEN-ESPGHAN-ECFS guideline on nutrition care for cystic fibrosis. Clin Nutr. 2024;43(2):413-45.
  13. Weiss SL, Peters MJ, Alhazzani W, Agus MS, Flori HR, Inwald DP, et al. Surviving sepsis campaign international guidelines for the management of septic shock and sepsis-associated organ dysfunction in children. Intensive Care Med. 2020;46(Suppl 1):10-67.
  14. Mehta NM, Skillman HE, Irving SY, Coss-Bu JA, Vermilyea S, Farrington EA, et al. Guidelines for the provision and assessment of nutrition support therapy in the pediatric critically ill patient: Society of Critical Care Medicine and American Society for Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr. 2017 Jul;41(5):706-42.
  15. Mehta NM, Compher C, A.S.P.E.N. Board of Directors. A.S.P.E.N. clinical guidelines: nutrition support of the critically ill child. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr. 2009;33(3):260-76.
  16. Corkins MR, Griggs KC, Groh-Wargo S, Han-Markey TL, Helms RA, Muir LV, et al. Standards for nutrition support: pediatric hospitalized patients. Nutr Clin Pract. 2013;28(2):263-76.
  17. Canadian Clinical Practice Guidelines Committee. Canadian clinical practice guidelines; 2015. Available from: https://www.criticalcarenutrition.com/resources/cpgs/past-guidelines/2015/233-2015cpgintro
  18. Singer P, Blaser AR, Berger MM, Calder PC, Casaer M, Hiesmayr M, et al. ESPEN practical and partially revised guideline: clinical nutrition in the intensive care unit. Clin Nutr. 2023;42(9):1671-89.
  19. McClave SA, Taylor BE, Martindale RG, Warren MM, Johnson DR, Braunschweig C, et al. Guidelines for the provision and assessment of nutrition support therapy in the adult critically ill patient: Society of Critical Care Medicine (SCCM) and American Society for Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition (A.S.P.E.N.). JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr. 2016;40(2):159-211.
  20. Compher C, Bingham AL, McCall M, Patel J, Rice TW, Braunschweig C, et al. Guidelines for the provision of nutrition support therapy in the adult critically ill patient: the American Society for Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr. 2022;46(1):12-41.
  21. Dellinger RP, Levy MM, Rhodes A, Annane D, Gerlach H, Opal SM, et al. Surviving Sepsis Campaign: international guidelines for management of severe sepsis and septic shock, 2012. Intensive Care Med. 2013;39(2):165-228.
  22. Brown RO, Compher C, American Society for Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition Board of Directors. A.S.P.E.N. clinical guidelines: nutrition support in adult acute and chronic renal failure. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr. 2010;34(4):366-77.
  23. Ikizler TA, Burrowes JD, Byham-Gray LD, Campbell KL, Carrero JJ, Chan W, et al. KDOQI clinical practice guideline for nutrition in CKD: 2020 update. Am J Kidney Dis. 2020;76(3 Suppl 1):S1-107.
  24. Fouque D, Vennegoor M, ter Wee P, Wanner C, Basci A, Canaud B, et al. EBPG guideline on nutrition. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2007;22 Suppl 2:ii45-87.
  25. Sabatino A, Fiaccadori E, Barazzoni R, Carrero JJ, Cupisti A, De Waele E, et al. ESPEN practical guideline on clinical nutrition in hospitalized patients with acute or chronic kidney disease. Clin Nutr. 2024;43(9):2238-54.
  26. Cano NJ, Aparicio M, Brunori G, Carrero JJ, Cianciaruso B, Fiaccadori E, et al. ESPEN guidelines on parenteral nutrition: adult renal failure. Clin Nutr. 2009;28(4):401-14.
  27. Anker SD, Laviano A, Filippatos G, John M, Paccagnella A, Ponikowski P, et al. ESPEN guidelines on parenteral nutrition: on cardiology and pneumology. Clin Nutr. 2009;28(4):455-60.
  28. Van Gossum A, Cabre E, Hébuterne X, Jeppesen P, Krznaric Z, Messing B, et al. ESPEN guidelines on parenteral nutrition: gastroenterology. Clin Nutr. 2009;28(4):415-27.
  29. Bischoff SC, Bager P, Escher J, Forbes A, Hébuterne X, Hvas CL, et al. ESPEN guideline on clinical nutrition in inflammatory bowel disease. Clin Nutr. 2023;42(3):352-79.
  30. Pironi L, Cuerda C, Jeppesen PB, Joly F, Jonkers C, Krznarić Ž, et al. ESPEN guideline on chronic intestinal failure in adults – update 2023. Clin Nutr. 2023;42(10):1940-2021.
  31. Rubio-Tapia A, Hill ID, Kelly CP, Calderwood AH, Murray JA. ACG clinical guidelines: diagnosis and management of celiac disease. Am J Gastroenterol. 2013;108(5):656-76.
  32. Rubio-Tapia A, Hill ID, Semrad C, Kelly CP, Greer KB, Limketkai BN, et al. American College of Gastroenterology guidelines update: diagnosis and management of celiac disease. Am J Gastroenterol. 2023;118(1):59-76.
  33. Klek S, Forbes A, Gabe S, Holst M, Wanten G, Irtun Ø, et al. Management of acute intestinal failure: a position paper from the European Society for Clinical Nutrition and Metabolism (ESPEN) Special Interest Group. Clin Nutr. 2016 Dec;35(6):1209-18
  34. Pironi L, Arends J, Bozzetti F, Cuerda C, Gillanders L, Jeppesen PB, et al. ESPEN guidelines on chronic intestinal failure in adults. Clin Nutr. 2016;35(2):247-307.
  35. Plauth M, Cabré E, Campillo B, Kondrup J, Marchesini G, Schütz T, et al. ESPEN guidelines on parenteral nutrition: hepatology. Clin Nutr. 2009;28(4):436-44.
  36. Bischoff SC, Bernal W, Dasarathy S, Merli M, Plank LD, Schütz T, et al. ESPEN practical guideline: clinical nutrition in liver disease. Clin Nutr. 2020;39(12):3533-62.
  37. Gianotti L, Meier R, Lobo DN, Bassi C, Dejong CH, Ockenga J, et al. ESPEN guidelines on parenteral nutrition: pancreas. Clin Nutr. 2009;28(4):428-35.
  38. Arvanitakis M, Ockenga J, Bezmarevic M, Gianotti L, Krznarić Ž, Lobo DN, et al. ESPEN practical guideline on clinical nutrition in acute and chronic pancreatitis. Clin Nutr. 2024;43(2):395-412.
  39. Tenner S, Vege SS, Sheth SG, Sauer B, Yang A, Conwell DL, et al. American College of Gastroenterology guidelines: management of acute pancreatitis. Am J Gastroenterol. 2024;119(3):419-37.
  40. Mirtallo JM, Forbes A, McClave SA, Jensen GL, Waitzberg DL, Davies AR. International consensus guidelines for nutrition therapy in pancreatitis. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr. 2012;36(3):284-91.
  41. Weimann A, Braga M, Carli F, Higashiguchi T, Hübner M, Klek S, et al. ESPEN practical guideline: clinical nutrition in surgery. Clin Nutr. 2021;40(7):4745-61.
  42. Vaizey CJ, Maeda Y, Barbosa E, Bozzetti F, Calvo J, Irtun Ø, et al. European Society of Coloproctology consensus on the surgical management of intestinal failure in adults. Colorectal Dis. 2016;18(6):535-48.
  43. Mechanick JI, Apovian C, Brethauer S, Garvey WT, Joffe AM, Kim J, et al. Clinical practice guidelines for the perioperative nutrition, metabolic, and nonsurgical support of patients undergoing bariatric procedures – 2019 update: cosponsored by American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists/American College of Endocrinology, The Obesity Society, American Society for Metabolic & Bariatric Surgery, Obesity Medicine Association, and American Society of Anesthesiologists. Surg Obes Relat Dis. 2020;16(2):175-247.
  44. National Pressure Injury Advisory Panel, European Pressure Ulcer Advisory Panel, Pan Pacific Pressure Injury Alliance. Nutrition in pressure injury prevention. In: Haesler E, editor. Prevention and treatment of pressure ulcers/injuries: clinical practice guideline. The international guideline. 4th ed. 2025. Available from: https://internationalguideline.com/nutrition
  45. Ockenga J, Grimble R, Jonkers-Schuitema C, Macallan D, Melchior JC, Sauerwein HP, et al. ESPEN guidelines on enteral nutrition: wasting in HIV and other chronic infectious diseases. Clin Nutr. 2006;25(2):319-29.
  46. Volkert D, Chourdakis M, Faxen-Irving G, Frühwald T, Landi F, Suominen MH, et al. ESPEN guidelines on nutrition in dementia. Clin Nutr. 2015;34(6):1052-73.
  47. Volkert D, Beck AM, Faxén-Irving G, Frühwald T, Hooper L, Keller H, et al. ESPEN guideline on nutrition and hydration in dementia–update 2024. Clin Nutr. 2024;43(6):1599-626.
  48. Wunderle C, Gomes F, Schuetz P, Stumpf F, Austin P, Ballesteros-Pomar MD, et al. ESPEN practical guideline: nutritional support for polymorbid medical inpatients. Clin Nutr. 2024;43(3):674-91.
  49. Muscaritoli M, Arends J, Bachmann P, Baracos V, Barthelemy N, Bertz H, et al. ESPEN practical guideline: clinical nutrition in cancer. Clin Nutr. 2021;40(5):2898-913.
  50. Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics. Oncology (ONC) guideline. Chicago (IL): Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics; 2013. Available from: https://www.andeal.org/topic.cfm?menu=5291&cat=5066
  51. August DA, Huhmann MB, American Society for Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition Board of Directors. A.S.P.E.N. clinical guidelines: nutrition support therapy during adult anticancer treatment and in hematopoietic cell transplantation. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr. 2009;33(5):472-500.
  52. Bozzetti F, Arends J, Lundholm K, Micklewright A, Zurcher G, Muscaritoli M. ESPEN guidelines on parenteral nutrition: non-surgical oncology. Clin Nutr. 2009;28(4):445-54.
  53. Arends J, Strasser F, Gonella S, Solheim TS, Madeddu C, Ravasco P, et al. Cancer cachexia in adult patients: ESMO Clinical Practice Guidelines. ESMO Open. 2021;6(3):100092.
  54. Obermannová R, Alsina M, Cervantes A, Leong T, Lordick F, Nilsson M, et al. Oesophageal cancer: ESMO Clinical Practice Guideline for diagnosis, treatment and follow-up. Ann Oncol. 2022;33(10):992-1004.
  55. Schütz T, Herbst B, Koller M. Methodology for the development of the ESPEN guidelines on enteral nutrition. Clin Nutr. 2006;25(2):203-9.
  56. Bischoff SC, Singer P, Koller M, Barazzoni R, Cederholm T, van Gossum A. Standard operating procedures for ESPEN guidelines and consensus papers. Clin Nutr. 2015;34(6):1043-51.
  57. Atkins D, Best D, Briss PA, Eccles M, Falck-Ytter Y, Flottorp S, et al. Grading quality of evidence and strength of recommendations. BMJ. 2004;328(7454):1490.
  58. Australian and New Zealand Society for Geriatric Medicine. Position statement—dysphagia and aspiration in older people. Australas J Ageing. 2011;30(2):98-103.
  59. Druyan ME, Compher C, Boullata JI, Braunschweig CL, George DE, Simpser E, et al. Clinical guidelines for the use of parenteral and enteral nutrition in adult and pediatric patients: applying the GRADE system to development of A.S.P.E.N. clinical guidelines. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr. 2012;36(1):77-80.
  60. Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics. Definition of terms list [Internet]. Available from: https://www.cdrnet.org/definitions
  61. Teitelbaum D, Guenter P, Howell WH, Kochevar ME, Roth J, Seidner DL. Definition of terms, style, and conventions used in A.S.P.E.N. guidelines and standards. Nutr Clin Pract. 2005;20(2):281-5.
  62. Cederholm T, Barazzoni R, Austin P, Ballmer P, Biolo G, Bischoff SC, et al. ESPEN guidelines on definitions and terminology of clinical nutrition. Clin Nutr. 2017;36(1):49-64.
  63. Druml C, Ballmer PE, Druml W, Oehmichen F, Shenkin A, Singer P, et al. ESPEN guideline on ethical aspects of artificial nutrition and hydration. Clin Nutr. 2016;35(3):545-56.
  64. Pironi L, Boeykens K, Bozzetti F, Joly F, Klek S, Lal S, et al. ESPEN guideline on home parenteral nutrition. Clin Nutr. 2020;39(6):1645-66.
  65. Hill S, Ksiazyk J, Prell C, Tabbers M, Braegger C, Bronsky J, et al. ESPGHAN/ESPEN/ESPR/CSPEN guidelines on pediatric parenteral nutrition: home parenteral nutrition. Clin Nutr. 2018;37(6 Pt B):2401-8.
  66. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE). Nutrition support in adults. Quality standard [QS24]. London: NICE; 2012.
  67. Guenter P, Boullata JI, Ayers P, Gervasio J, Malone A, Raymond E, et al. Standardized competencies for parenteral nutrition prescribing: the American Society for Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition model. Nutr Clin Pract. 2015;30(4):570-6.
  68. Ayers P, Adams S, Boullata J, Gervasio J, Holcombe B, Kraft MD, et al. A.S.P.E.N. parenteral nutrition safety consensus recommendations. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr. 2014;38(3):296-333.
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