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17.3 References for Benefits of Oral Nutritional Supplements (ONS) – Section 3.1

References for Benefits of Oral Nutritional Supplements (ONS) (Section 3.1). 146 references.

  1. Elia M, Normand C, Norman K, Laviano A. A systematic review of the cost and cost effectiveness of using standard oral nutritional supplements in the hospital setting. Clin Nutr. 2016;35(2):370-80.
  2. Stratton RJ, Green CJ, Elia M. Disease-related malnutrition: an evidence based approach to treatment. Wallingford: CABI Publishing; 2003.
  3. Smith TR, Cawood AL, Walters ER, Orton CJ, Downing A, McKenna F, et al. Ready-Made Oral Nutritional Supplements Improve Nutritional Outcomes and Reduce Health Care Use—A Randomized Trial in Older Malnourished People in Primary Care. Nutrients. 2020;12(2):517.
  4. Huynh DT, Devitt AA, Paule CL, Ahmed T, Severo M, Vaz JA, et al. Effects of oral nutritional supplementation in the management of malnutrition in hospital and post-hospital discharged patients in India: a randomised, open-label, controlled trial. J Hum Nutr Diet. 2015;28(4):331-43.
  5. Rana SK, Bray J, Menzies-Gow N, Jameson C, Silk DB. Short term benefits of post-operative oral dietary supplements in surgical patients. Clin Nutr. 1992;11(6):337-44.
  6. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Nutrition support for adults: oral nutrition support, enteral tube feeding, and parenteral nutrition. London: NICE; 2017. (Clinical guideline CG32).
  7. Parsons EL, Stratton RJ, Elia M. Systematic review of the effects of oral nutritional interventions in care homes [abstract]. Proc Nutr Soc. 2010;69:E547.
  8. Chew STH, Tan NC, Cheong M, Lim JY, Yew S, Yeo A, et al. Impact of specialized oral nutritional supplement on clinical, nutritional, and functional outcomes: A randomized, placebo-controlled trial in community-dwelling older adults at risk of malnutrition. Clin Nutr. 2021;40(4):1879-92.
  9. Cawood AL, Elia M, Stratton RJ. Systematic review and meta-analysis of the effects of high protein oral nutritional supplements. Ageing Res Rev. 2012;11(2):278-96.
  10. Thibault R, Abbasoglu O, Ioannou E, Meija L, Ottens-Oussoren K, Pichard C, et al. ESPEN guideline on hospital nutrition. Clin Nutr. 2021;40(12):5684-709.
  11. Wunderle C, Gomes F, Schuetz P, Stumpf F, Austin P, Ballesteros-Pomar MD, et al. ESPEN practical guideline: Nutritional support for polymorbid medical inpatients. Clin Nutr. 2024;43(3):674-91.
  12. Wunderle C, Gomes F, Schuetz P, Stumpf F, Austin P, Ballesteros-Pomar MD, et al. ESPEN guideline on nutritional support for polymorbid medical inpatients. Clin Nutr. 2023;42(9):1545-68.
  13. Tan S, Meng Q, Jiang Y, Zhang L, Wang M, Zhang N, et al. Impact of oral nutritional supplements in post-discharge patients at nutritional risk following colorectal cancer surgery: A randomized clinical trial. Clin Nutr. 2021;40(1):47-53.
  14. Botella-Carretero JI, Iglesias B, Balsa JA, Arrieta F, Zamarron I, Vazquez C. Perioperative oral nutritional supplements in normally or mildly undernourished geriatric patients submitted to surgery for hip fracture: a randomized clinical trial. Clin Nutr. 2010;31(4):574-9.
  15. Hegerova P, Dedkova Z, Sobotka L. Early nutritional support and physiotherapy improved long-term self-sufficiency in acutely ill older patients. Nutrition. 2015;31(1):166-70.
  16. Anbar R, Beloosesky Y, Cohen J, Madar Z, Weiss A, Theilla M, et al. Tight calorie control in geriatric patients following hip fracture decreases complications: a randomized, controlled study. Clin Nutr. 2014;33(1):23-8.
  17. Duncan DG, Beck SJ, Hood K, Riddell A. Using dietetic assistants to improve the outcome of hip fracture: a randomised controlled trial of nutritional support in an acute trauma ward. Age Ageing. 2006;35(2):148-53.
  18. Milne AC, Potter J, Vivanti A, Avenell A. Protein and energy supplementation in elderly people at risk from malnutrition. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2009;(2):CD003288.
  19. Collins J, Porter J. The effect of interventions to prevent and treat malnutrition in patients admitted for rehabilitation: a systematic review with meta-analysis. J Hum Nutr Diet. 2015;28(1):1-15.
  20. Geeganage C, Beavan J, Ellender S, Bath PM. Interventions for dysphagia and nutritional support in acute and subacute stroke. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2012;(10):CD000323.
  21. Allen VJ, Methven L, Gosney MA. Use of nutritional complete supplements in older adults with dementia: systematic review and meta-analysis of clinical outcomes. Clin Nutr. 2013;32(6):950-7.
  22. Gazzotti C, Arnaud-Battandier F, Parello M, Farine S, Seidel L, Albert A, et al. Prevention of malnutrition in older people during and after hospitalisation: results from a randomised controlled clinical trial. Age Ageing. 2003;32(3):321-5.
  23. Kim CO, Lee KR. Preventive effect of protein-energy supplementation on the functional decline of frail older adults with low socioeconomic status: a community-based randomized controlled study. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2013;68(3):309-16.
  24. Allen V, Methven L, Gosney M. The influence of nutritional supplement drinks on providing adequate calorie and protein intake in older adults with dementia. J Nutr Health Aging. 2013;17(9):752-5.
  25. Tangvik RJ, Bruvik FK, Drageset J, Kyte K, Hunskår I. Effects of oral nutrition supplements in persons with dementia: A systematic review. Geriatr Nurs. 2021;42(1):117-23.
  26. Lauque S, Arnaud-Battandier F, Gillette S, Plaze JM, Andrieu S, Cantet C, et al. Improvement of weight and fat-free mass with oral nutritional supplementation in patients with Alzheimer's disease at risk of malnutrition: a prospective randomized study. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2004;52(10):1702-7.
  27. Price R, Daly F, Pennington CR, Ashworth A, Stott DJ. Nutritional supplementation of very old people at hospital discharge increases muscle strength: a randomised controlled trial. Gerontology. 2005;51(3):179-85.
  28. Parsons EL, Stratton RJ, Cawood AL, Smith TR, Elia M. Oral nutritional supplements in a randomised trial are more effective than dietary advice at improving quality of life in malnourished care home residents. Clin Nutr. 2016;36(1):134-42.
  29. Francis DK, Smith J, Saljuqi T, Waterlow JC. Oral protein calorie supplementation for children with chronic disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015;(3):CD001914.
  30. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Nutrition support in adults: oral nutrition support, enteral tube feeding and parenteral nutrition [Internet]. London: NICE; 2006 [updated 2017]. (Clinical guideline CG32). Available from: https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/cg32
  31. Norman K, Kirchner H, Freudenreich M, Ockenga J, Lochs H, Pirlich M. Three month intervention with protein and energy rich supplements improve muscle function and quality of life in malnourished patients with non-neoplastic gastrointestinal disease–a randomized controlled trial. Clin Nutr. 2008;27(1):48-56.
  32. Bos C, Benamouzig R, Bruhat A, Roux C, Valensi P, Ferrière F, et al. Nutritional status after short-term dietary supplementation in hospitalized malnourished geriatric patients. Clin Nutr. 2001;20(3):225-33.
  33. Neuman M, Friedmann J, Roy MA, et al. Provision of high-protein supplements for patients recovering from hip fracture. Nutrition. 2004;20(5):415-9.
  34. Manders M, De Groot CP, Blauw YH, Dhonukshe-Rutten RA, Van Hoeckel-Prust L, Bindels JG, et al. Effect of a nutrient-enriched drink on dietary intake and nutritional status in institutionalised elderly. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2009;63(10):1241-50.
  35. Stratton RJ, Bowyer G, Elia M. Food snacks or liquid oral nutritional supplements as a first-line treatment for malnutrition in post-operative patients? [abstract]. Proc Nutr Soc. 2006;65:4A.
  36. Stratton RJ, Bowyer G, Elia M. Greater total vitamin intakes post-operatively with liquid oral nutritional supplements than food snacks [abstract]. Proc Nutr Soc. 2006;65:10A.
  37. Baldwin C, Weekes CE. Oral nutritional support. In: Thomas B, Bishop J, editors. Manual of Dietetic Practice. 5th ed. Wiley-Blackwell; 2014. p. 349-51.
  38. Persson M, Hytter-Landahl A, Brismar K, Cederholm T. Nutritional supplementation and dietary advice in geriatric patients at risk of malnutrition. Clin Nutr. 2007;26(2):216-24.
  39. McMurdo ME, Price RJ, Shields M, Potter J, Stott DJ. Should oral nutritional supplementation be given to undernourished older people upon hospital discharge? A controlled trial. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2009;57(12):2239-45.
  40. Manders M, De Groot LC, Hoefnagels WH, Dhonukshe-Rutten RA, Wouters-Wesseling W, Mulders AJ, et al. The effect of a nutrient dense drink on mental and physical function in institutionalized elderly people. J Nutr Health Aging. 2009;13(9):760-7.
  41. Commission Delegated Regulation (EU) 2016/128 of 25 September 2015 supplementing Regulation (EU) No 609/2013 of the European Parliament and of the Council as regards the specific compositional and information requirements for food for special medical purposes. Official Journal of the European Union. 2016;L25:30-43.
  42. Gariballa S, Forster S, Walters S, Powers H. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of nutritional supplementation during acute illness. Am J Med. 2006;119(8):693-9.
  43. Wouters-Wesseling W, Wouters AE, Kleijer CN, Bindels JG, De Groot CP, Van Staveren WA. Study of the effect of a liquid nutrition supplement on the nutritional status of psycho-geriatric nursing home patients. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2002;56(3):245-51.
  44. De Luis DA, Izaola O, López L, Blanco B, Colato CA, Kelly OJ, et al. AdNut study: effectiveness of a high calorie and protein oral nutritional supplement with β-hydroxy-β-methylbutyrate in an older malnourished population in usual clinical practice. Eur Geriatr Med. 2018;9(6):809-17.
  45. Zhang Z, Li F, Hannon BA, Hustead DS, Aw MM, Liu Z, et al. Effect of oral nutritional supplementation on growth in children with undernutrition: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Nutrients. 2021;13(9):3036.
  46. Alarcon PA, Lin LH, Noche M Jr, et al. Effect of oral supplementation on catch-up growth in picky eaters. Clin Pediatr (Phila). 2003;42(3):209-17.
  47. Soylu OB, Unalp A, Uran N, Sozmen EY, Ozturk AA, Ozturk H. Effect of nutritional support in children with spastic quadriplegia. Pediatr Neurol. 2008;39(5):330-4.
  48. Smyth RL, Rayner O. Oral calorie supplements for cystic fibrosis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2014;CD000406.
  49. Hanning RM, Blimkie CJ, Bar-Or O, Lands LC, Moss LA, Wilson WM. Relationships among nutritional status and skeletal and respiratory muscle function in cystic fibrosis: does early dietary supplementation make a difference? Am J Clin Nutr. 1993;57(4):580-7.
  50. Kalnins D, Corey M, Ellis L, Pencharz PB, Tullis E, Wilschanski M, et al. Failure of conventional strategies to improve nutritional status in malnourished adolescents and adults with cystic fibrosis. J Pediatr. 2005;147(3):399-401.
  51. Poustie VJ, Russell JE, Watling RM, Ashby D, Smyth RL. Oral protein energy supplements for children with cystic fibrosis: CALICO multicentre randomised controlled trial. BMJ. 2006;332(7542):632-6.
  52. Kappler M, Griese M. Nutritional supplements in cystic fibrosis. BMJ. 2006;332(7542):618-9.
  53. Bayram I, Erbey F, Celik N, Nelson JK, Tanyeli A. The use of a protein and energy dense eicosapentaenoic acid containing supplement for malignancy-related weight loss in children. Pediatr Blood Cancer. 2009;52(5):571-4.
  54. Rabadi MH, Coar PL, Lukin M, Lesser M, Blau AD. Intensive nutritional supplements can improve outcomes in stroke rehabilitation. Neurology. 2008;71(23):1856-61.
  55. Cawood AL, Burden ST, Smith T, Stratton RJ. A systematic review and meta-analysis of the effects of community use of oral nutritional supplements on clinical outcomes. Ageing Res Rev. 2023;88:101953.
  56. Loman BR, Luo M, Baggs GE, Mitchell DC, Nelson JL, Ziegler TR, et al. Specialized high-protein oral nutrition supplement improves home nutrient intake of malnourished older adults without decreasing usual food intake. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr. 2019;43(6):794-802.
  57. Baldwin C, Smith R, Gibbs M, Weekes CE, Emery PW. Quality of the evidence supporting the role of oral nutritional supplements in the management of malnutrition: an overview of systematic reviews and meta-analyses. Adv Nutr. 2021;12(2):503-22.
  58. Wang Y, Liu R, Chang M, Wei W, Guo Y, Jin Q, et al. Does omega-3 PUFA-enriched oral nutritional intervention benefit cancer patients receiving chemo (radio) therapy? A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr. 2023;63(18):3081-96.
  59. Habaybeh D, de Moraes MB, Slee A, Avgerinou C. Nutritional interventions for heart failure patients who are malnourished or at risk of malnutrition or cachexia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Heart Fail Rev. 2021;26(5):1103-18.
  60. Gariballa S, Forster S. Effects of dietary supplements on depressive symptoms in older patients: a randomised double-blind placebo-controlled trial. Clin Nutr. 2007;26(5):545-51.
  61. Gariballa S, Forster S. Dietary supplementation and quality of life of older patients: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2007;55(12):2030-4.
  62. Faxen-Irving G, Andren-Olsson B, af Geijerstam A, Basun H, Cederholm T. The effect of nutritional intervention in elderly subjects residing in group-living for the demented. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2002;56(3):221-7.
  63. Edington J, Barnes R, Bryan F, Dupree E, Frost G, Hickson M, et al. A prospective randomised controlled trial of nutritional supplementation in malnourished elderly in the community: clinical and health economic outcomes. Clin Nutr. 2004;23(2):195-204.
  64. Seguy D, Hubert H, Robert J, Meunier JP, Guérin O, Raynaud-Simon A. Compliance to oral nutritional supplementation decreases the risk of hospitalisation in malnourished older adults without extra health care cost: Prospective observational cohort study. Clin Nutr. 2020;39(6):1900-7.
  65. Neelemaat F, Bosmans JE, Thijs A, Seidell JC, van Bokhorst-de van der Schueren MA. Oral nutritional support in malnourished elderly decreases functional limitations with no extra costs. Clin Nutr. 2012;31(2):183-90.
  66. Rodriguez-Farradas A. Oral Nutritional Supplements (ONS) Prescribing Guidelines: Adults aged 18 years and over.
  67. Mahmoudifar K, Homayounfar N, Rezaie M. Review of oral nutritional supplements in malnutrition management for unlocking nutritional potential: A review. J Nutr Fasting Health. 2025;13(2):86-99.
  68. Stange I, Barthram M, Liao Y, Elia M, Stratton RJ. Effects of oral nutritional supplements on functionality and quality of life of nursing home residents with malnutrition or its risk [abstract]. Clin Nutr. 2011;6:128.
  69. Thomson KH, Rice S, Arisa O, Johnson E, Tanner L, Marshall C, et al. Effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of oral nutritional supplements in frail older people who are malnourished or at risk of malnutrition: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Healthy Longev. 2021;3(10):e654-e666.
  70. Bunout D, Barrera G, de la Maza P, Gattas V, Petermann M, Hirsch S. The impact of nutritional supplementation and resistance training on the health functioning of free-living Chilean elders: results of 18 months of follow-up. J Nutr. 2001;131(9):2441S-2446S.
  71. Bonnefoy M, Cornu C, Normand S, Boutitie F, Bugnard F, Rahmani A, et al. The effects of exercise and protein-energy supplements on body composition and muscle function in frail elderly individuals: a long-term controlled randomised study. Br J Nutr. 2003;89(5):731-9.
  72. Jayawardena R, Weerasinghe K, Gamage M, Hills AP. Enhancing physical function and activity level in malnourished older adults through oral nutrition supplements: a randomized controlled trial. BMC Geriatr. 2024;24(1):566.
  73. Deutz NE, Matheson EM, Matarese LE, Luo M, Baggs GE, Nelson JL, et al. Readmission and mortality in malnourished, older, hospitalized adults treated with a specialized oral nutritional supplement: A randomized clinical trial. Clin Nutr. 2016;35(1):18-26.
  74. Avenell A, Handoll HH. Nutritional supplementation for hip fracture aftercare in older people. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2006;(4):CD001880.
  75. Avenell A, Handoll HH. Nutritional supplementation for hip fracture aftercare in older people. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2010;(1):CD001880.
  76. Botella-Carretero JI, Iglesias B, Balsa JA, Arrieta F, Zamarron I, Vazquez C. Effects of oral nutritional supplements in normally nourished or mildly undernourished geriatric patients after surgery for hip fracture: a randomized clinical trial. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr. 2008;32(2):120-8.
  77. Milne AC, Potter J, Avenell A. Protein and energy supplementation in elderly people at risk from malnutrition. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2005;(2):CD003288.
  78. Milne AC, Avenell A, Potter J. Meta-analysis: protein and energy supplementation in older people. Ann Intern Med. 2006;144(1):37-48.
  79. Ockenga J, Pirlich M, Lochs H. Food for stroke: why don't the studies give clear answers? Lancet. 2005;365(9476):2005.
  80. Dennis MS, Lewis SC, Warlow C; FOOD Trial Collaboration. Routine oral nutritional supplementation for stroke patients in hospital (FOOD): a multicentre randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2005;365(9461):755-63.
  81. Wolfe BM, Mathiesen KA. Clinical practice guidelines in nutrition support: can they be based on randomized clinical trials? JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr. 1997;21(1):1-6.
  82. Milne AC, Avenell A, Potter J. Oral protein and energy supplementation in older people: a systematic review of randomized trials. Nestle Nutr Workshop Ser Clin Perform Programme. 2005;10:103-20.
  83. Feldblum I, German L, Castel H, Harman-Boehm I, Shahar DR. Individualized nutritional intervention during and after hospitalization: the nutrition intervention study clinical trial. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2011;59(1):10-7.
  84. Baldwin C, de van der Schueren MA, Kruizenga HM, Weekes CE. Dietary advice with or without oral nutritional supplements for disease-related malnutrition in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2021;(12):CD002008.
  85. Bally MR, Blaser Yildirim PZ, Bounoure L, Gloy VL, Mueller B, Briel M, et al. Nutritional support and outcomes in malnourished medical inpatients: A systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA Intern Med. 2016;176(1):43-53.
  86. Stratton RJ, Bowyer G, Elia M. Fewer complications with liquid supplements than food snacks in fracture patients at risk of malnutrition. Clin Nutr. 2007;2(Suppl 2):9.
  87. Schuetz P, Fehr R, Baechli V, Geiser M, Deiss M, Gomes F, et al. Individualised nutritional support in medical inpatients at nutritional risk: a randomised clinical trial. Lancet. 2019;393(10188):2312-21.
  88. Gandy J, editor. Manual of Dietetic Practice. 6th ed. John Wiley & Sons Ltd; 2019. Chapter 6.3, Oral nutritional support.
  89. Burden S, Todd C, Hill J, Lal S. Pre-operative nutrition support in patients undergoing gastrointestinal surgery. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2012;11:CD008879.
  90. Smedley F, Bowling T, James M, Stokes E, Goodger C, O'Connor O, et al. Randomized clinical trial of the effects of pre-operative and post-operative oral nutritional supplements on clinical course and cost of care. Br J Surg. 2004;91(8):983-90.
  91. Macfie J, Woodcock NP, Palmer MD, Walker A, Townsend S, Mitchell CJ. Oral dietary supplements in pre- and post-operative surgical patients: a prospective and randomized clinical trial. Nutrition. 2000;16(9):723-8.
  92. Burden ST, Hill J, Shaffer JL, Campbell M, Todd C. An unblinded randomised controlled trial of preoperative oral supplements in colorectal cancer patients. J Hum Nutr Diet. 2011;24(5):441-8.
  93. Bruns ER, Argillander TE, Van Den Heuvel B, Buskens CJ, Van Duijvendijk P, Winkels RM, et al. Oral nutrition as a form of pre-operative enhancement in patients undergoing surgery for colorectal cancer: a systematic review. Surg Infect (Larchmt). 2018;19(1):1-10.
  94. Stratton RJ, Elia M. Who benefits from nutritional support: what is the evidence? Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2007;19(5):353-8.
  95. Lidder P, Lewis S, Duxbury M, Thomas S, Archer S, Hosie KB, et al. Systematic review of postdischarge oral nutritional supplementation in patients undergoing GI surgery. Nutr Clin Pract. 2009;24(3):388-94.
  96. Lai WY, Chiu YC, Lu KC, Huang IT, Tsai PS, Huang CJ. Beneficial effects of preoperative oral nutrition supplements on postoperative outcomes in geriatric hip fracture patients: A PRISMA-compliant systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled studies. Medicine (Baltimore). 2021;100(47):e27755.
  97. Langer G, Schloemer G, Knerr A, Kuss O, Behrens J. Nutritional interventions for preventing and treating pressure ulcers. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2003;(4):CD003216.
  98. Stratton RJ, Ek AC, Engfer M, Moore Z, Rigby P, Wolfe R, et al. Enteral nutritional support in prevention and treatment of pressure ulcers: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Age Ageing Res Rev. 2005;4(3):422-50.
  99. Hojsak I, Chourdakis M, Gerasimidis K, Hulst J, Huysentruyt K, Moreno-Villares JM, et al. What are the new guidelines and position papers in pediatric nutrition: A 2015–2020 overview. Clin Nutr ESPEN. 2021;43:49-63.
  100. Bozzetti F. Nutritional support in patients with oesophageal cancer. Support Care Cancer. 2010;18(Suppl 2):S41-50.
  101. Elia M, Van Bokhorst-de van der Schueren MA, Garvey J, Goedhart A, Lundholm K, Nitenberg G, et al. Enteral (oral or tube administration) nutritional support and eicosapentaenoic acid in patients with cancer: a systematic review. Int J Oncol. 2006;28(1):5-23.
  102. Lee H, Havrila C, Bravo V, Stenson K, MacCracken E, Adelstein D, et al. Effect of oral nutritional supplementation on weight loss and percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy tube rates in patients treated with radiotherapy for oropharyngeal carcinoma. Support Care Cancer. 2008;16(3):285-9.
  103. Isenring EA, Bauer JD, Capra S. Nutrition support using the American Dietetic Association medical nutrition therapy protocol for radiation oncology patients improves dietary intake compared with standard practice. J Am Diet Assoc. 2007;107(3):404-12.
  104. Garg S, Yoo J, Winquist E. Nutritional support for head and neck cancer patients receiving radiotherapy: a systematic review. Support Care Cancer. 2010;18(6):667-77.
  105. Shaw C, Power J. Nutritional support for the cancer patient. In: Shaw C, editor. Nutrition and Cancer. Chichester: Wiley-Blackwell; 2011. p. 45-82.
  106. van der Meij BS, Van Bokhorst-de van der Schueren MA, Langius JA, de Graaf P, Janssen JJ, van Leeuwen PA, et al. n-3 PUFAs in cancer, surgery, and critical care: a systematic review on clinical effects, incorporation, and washout of oral or enteral compared with parenteral supplementation. Am J Clin Nutr. 2011;94(5):1248-65.
  107. van der Meij BS, Langius JA, Smit EF, Spreeuwenberg MD, von Blomberg BM, Heijboer AC, et al. Oral nutritional supplements containing (n-3) polyunsaturated fatty acids affect the nutritional status of patients with stage III non-small cell lung cancer during multimodality treatment. J Nutr. 2010;140(10):1774-80.
  108. Fearon KC, Von Meyenfeldt MF, Moses AG, Van Geenen R, Roy A, Gouma DJ, et al. Effect of a protein and energy dense N-3 fatty acid enriched oral supplement on loss of weight and lean tissue in cancer cachexia: a randomised double blind trial. Gut. 2003;52(10):1479-86.
  109. Weed HG, Ferguson ML, Gaff RL, Hustead DS, Nelson JL, Voss AC. Lean body mass gain in patients with head and neck squamous cell cancer treated perioperatively with a protein- and energy-dense nutritional supplement containing eicosapentaenoic acid. Head Neck. 2011;33(7):1027-33.
  110. Read JA, Beale PJ, Volker DH, Smith N, Childs A, Clarke SJ. Nutrition intervention using an eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA)-containing supplement in patients with advanced colorectal cancer. Effects on nutritional and inflammatory status: a phase II trial. Support Care Cancer. 2007;15(3):301-7.
  111. Guarcello M, Riso S, Buosi R, d’Andrea F. EPA-enriched oral nutritional support in patients with lung cancer: effects on nutritional status and quality of life. Nutr Ther Metab. 2007;25(1):25-30.
  112. Snider JT, Jena AB, Linthicum MT, Hegazi RA, Partridge JS, LaVallee C, et al. Effect of hospital use of oral nutritional supplementation on length of stay, hospital cost, and 30-day readmissions among Medicare patients with COPD. Chest. 2015;147(6):1477-84.
  113. Elia M, Normand C, Laviano A, Norman K. A systematic review of the cost and cost effectiveness of using standard oral nutritional supplements in community and care home settings. Clin Nutr. 2016;35(1):125-37.
  114. Stratton RJ, Hebuterne X, Elia M. A systematic review and meta-analysis of the impact of oral nutritional supplements on hospital readmissions. Ageing Res Rev. 2013;12(4):884-97.
  115. Kaegi-Braun N, Kilchoer F, Dragusha S, Gressies C, Faessli M, Gomes F, et al. Nutritional support after hospital discharge improves long-term mortality in malnourished adult medical patients: Systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Nutr. 2022;41(11):2431-41.
  116. Wong A, Huang Y, Sowa PM, Banks MD, Bauer JD. Effectiveness of dietary counseling with or without nutrition supplementation in hospitalized patients who are malnourished or at risk of malnutrition: A systematic review and meta-analysis. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr. 2022;46(7):1502-21.
  117. Myint MW, Wu J, Wong E, Chan SP, To TS, Chau MW, et al. Clinical benefits of oral nutritional supplementation for elderly hip fracture patients: a single blind randomised controlled trial. Age Ageing. 2013;42(1):39-45.
  118. Yoshimura Y, Shimazu S, Shiraishi A, Wakabayashi H, Nagano F, Matsumoto A, et al. Triad of rehabilitation, nutrition support, and oral management improves activities of daily living and muscle health in hospitalized patients after stroke. Clin Nutr ESPEN. 2024;63:837-44.
  119. Schuetz P, Sulo S, Walzer S, Vollmer L, Brunton C, Kaegi-Braun N, et al. Cost savings associated with nutritional support in medical inpatients: an economic model based on data from a systematic review of randomised trials. BMJ Open. 2021;11(7):e046402.
  120. Volkert D, Beck AM, Cederholm T, Cereda E, Cruz-Jentoft A, Goisser S, et al. Management of malnutrition in older patients—current approaches, evidence and open questions. J Clin Med. 2019;8(7):974.
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  123. Pouyssegur V, Castelli C, Antoine V, Chkair S, Bouvet S. Solid oral supplementation: economic assessment. Economic impact of the introduction of a solid oral nutritional supplement adapted to malnourished older adults with poor dental health. Eur Geriatr Med. 2017;8(3):234-9.
  124. Cawood AL, Green CG, Stratton RJ. The budget impact of using oral nutritional supplements in older community patients at high risk of malnutrition in England [abstract]. Proc Nutr Soc. 2010;69:OCE5.
  125. Sulo S, Lanctin D, Feldstein J, Schwander B, Partridge J, Landow W, et al. Budget impact analysis of a home-based nutrition program for adults at risk for malnutrition. Am Health Drug Benefits. 2020;13(3):95-101.
  126. Cawood AL, Elia M, Stratton RJ. Meta-analysis shows reduced health care use and costs with oral nutritional supplements [abstract]. Clin Nutr. 2010;5(Suppl 2):123.
  127. Cereda E, Klersy C, Andreola M, Pisati R, Schols JM, Caccialanza R, et al. Cost-effectiveness of a disease-specific oral nutritional support for pressure ulcer healing. Clin Nutr. 2017;36(1):246-52.
  128. Elia M. The cost of malnutrition in England and potential cost savings from nutritional interventions. Redditch: BAPEN; 2015.
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